An Experimental Course in Speech Science

• 1.0 Introduction
• 1.1 Sinewave
• 1.1.1 Temporal Properties of a sine wave
• 1.1.2 Spectral properties of a sine wave
• 1.1.3 Autocorrelation of a sine wave
• 1.1.4 Perception of pure tone
• 1.1.5 Period and Amplitude
• 1.2 Phase Delay : Sine and Cosine waves
• 1.3 Complex waves
• 1.3.1 Temporal Properties of complex waves
• 1.3.2 Spectral properties (Decomposition)
• 1.3.3 Autocorrelation of a complex signal
• 1.3.4 Perception of complex wave
• 1.3.5 Complex wave and Phase Delay
• 1.4 Periodic Signal
• 1.4.1 Fourier Series
• 1.4.2 Harmonics
• 1.4.3 Spectral Envelope
• 1.5 Damped Sinusoid
• 1.5.1 Temporal Properties
• 1.5.2 Resonant Frequency and Spectral roll-off
• 1.5.3 Rate of Decay and Bandwidth
• 1.6.Energy
• 1.6.1 Definition
• 1.6.2 Short-time Energy
• 1.7.FFT
• 1.8. Effect of Block Duration and Window Function on the spectrum
• 1.8.1 How to apply Hanning Window?
• 1. 9.Periodic damped resonances
• 1.9.1.Fundamental frequency and Resonant Frequency
• 1.9.2.Source-Filter Concept
• 1.9.3 Parameter Representation
• 1.10.Multiple resonances
• 1.10.1 Two resonances
• 1.10.2 Source and System Components
• 1.11. Natural Vowels
• 1.11.1 Quasi-periodicity
• 1.11.2 Short-time energy
• 1.11.3 Comparison of vowels
• 1.12.Noise Spectrum
• 1.12.1 White Noise
• 1.12.2 Coloured Noise
• Example.1: Low pass noise
• Example.2: Fan noise
• 1.12.3 Introduction to fricatives
• 1.13.Transients
• 1.13.1 Impulse
• 1.13.1 Examples of transients
• 1.13.2 Bursts of plosive sounds
• 1.14.Short-time Spectra
• 1.15 Summary of temporal and spectral properties
• 1.16 Temporal and Spectral Properties of a Speech Utterance
• 1.16.1 Properties of the utterance 'speech'
• 1.16.2 Some Issues in Speech Science

Chapter 2: Temporal and Spectral Properties of Signals using Spectrograph Module

• 2. 1 Spectrograph : An overview
• 2. 2 Factors influencing a Spectrogram
• 2.2.1 Analysis bandwidth
• 2.2.2 FFT size
• 2.2.3 Frame rate
• 2.2.4 Amplitude Scale
• 2. 3 Spectrogram of Basic signals
• 2.3.1 Sinusoids
• 2.3.2 Periodic Damped sinusoids with one resonance
• 2.3.3 Periodic Damped sinusoids with multiple resonances
• 2.3.4 Merits and Limitations of Spectrograms
• 2.3.5 Noise samples
• 2.3.6 Transients
• 2. 4 Spectrogram of a Speech Utterance
• 2. 5 Spectrogram Options
• 2.5.1 Preemphasis or High frequency shaping
• 2.5.2 Spectral Section
• 2.5.3 Frequency scale
• 2.5.4 Contrast and Gain
• 2.5.5 Grey and Color
• 2.5.6 Labelling

Chapter 3: Spectrogram Reading - Vowels

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Front and Back Vowels
• 3.3 High and Low Vowels
• 3.4 Formant Frequency Measurement from Section
• 3.5. Rounded and Unrounded Vowels
• 3.6 Tense and Lax Vowels
• 3.7. Vowel Triangle
• 3.8. Labelling a Vowel
• 3.9. Exercises
• 3.10 Measurement of Duration
• 3.11 Diphthongs
• 3.12 Stressed, Unstressed and Reduced Vowels

Chapter 4: Spectrogram Reading - Consonants

• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Liquids and Glides
• 4.3 Fricatives
• 4.4 Stops
• 4.5 Nasals
• 4.6 Contextual Effects

Chapter 5: Articulatory-Acoustics: Vowels - I
Area Function-Formant Data Relationship

• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Acoustics
• 5.2.1 Resonance
• 5.2.2 Acoustic Waves
• 5.2.3 A stretched string
• 5.2.4 An air column
• 5.3 VT Area Function - Uniform Tube
• 5.3.1 Resonances of a Uniform Tube
• 5.3.2 Efect of yielding Walls
• 5.3.3 Effect of Radiation - End correction
• 5.4 Standing Wave Theory
• 5.4.1 Chiba and Kajiyama Theory
• 5.4.2 Editing Area of Mouth Opening
• 5.4.3 Editing Area at the Glottis
• 5.4.4 Editing Area at Nodes and Anti-nodes
  
• 5.5 Formant- Cavity Relations
• 5.5.1 Editing Area function of vowel /i/
  
• 5.5.2 Removing a Section Length for vowel /i/
• 5.6 Effect of vocal tract length scaling
• 5.6.1 Male-Female differences
• 5.6.2 Phrayngeal and Oral Cavity Lengths
• 5.6.3 Other factors influencign Male-Female differences
• 5.7 Nomograms
• 5.8 Stable and sensitive Regions
• 5.9 Quantal Effect
• 5.10 Compensatory Articulation

Chapter 6: Articulatory-Acoustics: Vowels - I
Articulation-Formant Data Relationship

• 6.1 Inroduction

• 6.2 An Articulatory Model
  
  • 6.2.1 Mermelstein's Model
  • 6.2.2 Implementation in SSL
  • 6.2.3 Formant Data Calculation

• 6.3 Compensatory Articulation: Bite-block Experriment
• 6.4 Nomograms
• 6.5 Quantal Effect
• 6.6 Inversion Problem
• 6.6.1. An Example of Inversion
• 6.6.2. Difficulties in Inversion Procedure
• 6.6.3. Short and Long Kannada Vowels

Appendix-A: Basic Theory of Acoustic-Phonetics

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